Homeopathy

" When evaluating a therapy is not about objective truths, but only for effectiveness "

The science provides facts to the understanding of homeopathy. The foundation of this site are my 40 years of experience with homeopathy, especially with children and animals - and extensive research and studies. Preliminary conclusion: homeopathy works - is not a placebo. Read, amazed and do not close your eyes and mind.

Homeopathy comes from scientists, doctors, chemists, and not by shamans, healers, herbal women or witches. Intelligent people were treated so - Nobel Laureates - researchers - genius - Doctors - state leaders - kings - intellectuals - academics - celebrities, etc. .... Doubts about their logical mind is nonsense. In Germany, again using homeopathy: - 70% of physicians, 90% of the sports doctors - pediatricians - Midwives - mothers - veterinary medicine.

34 Topics

1. Building blocks of the universe

2. Prominet pro homeopathy

3. Dr. Brian Josephson

4. The big secret water

5.  How operates homeopathy

6. Origin of the univers

7. Periodic Table

8. Element 112

9. The atomic model of Bohr

10. Pauli principle

11. Bose Boson

12. The atom laser

13. Orders of magnitude

14. History of optical telescopes

15. The macrocosm / telecops 

16. Keck - LBT - ELT - EURO 50 - OWL - VLT - LSST - GLT - GTC - TMT

17. Space telescopes

18. MAGIC telescope

19. Telescopes Planck & Herschel

20. Radio telescopes

21. The micro cosmos

22. Scanning tunneling microscopes

23. Nuclear power telescopes

24. Superstrings

25. Dr. Higgs theory

26. Dark mater

27. CERN - LCH - ILC

28. Dr. R. Moessbauer

29. Story of homeopathy

30. Dr. S. Hahnemann

31. Manufacture of homeopathic medicines

32. Korsakoff Manufacture 

33. Science and homeopathy dissertations

34. Books

Quantum physics gives us understanding of the homeopathic effect. Why and how would it work? In the manufacture of homeopathic remedies water as a solvent and a carrier substance is used. Studies on water to prove that it can store information about dissolved substances. Water can transmit it. Little known is that 19 there are stable waters, with 135 subspecies. They have at least 40 properties. There is still no scientific explanation. But nothing changes the fact that it is a fact. Water

The whole matter of the universe is composed of fundamental building blocks, the molecules and the 94 naturally occurring atomic species. The sizes are hard to imagine. A drop of water consists of the incredible number of 30 quadrillion - (30 + 24 zeros) molecules, each consisting of two atoms of hydrogen H and one atom of oxygen O, abbreviated as H2 O, are formed.

The function of homeopathy moves in sizes of quantum physics. Therefore, it is only theory to explain. The Greek physicist Dr. Gerasimos Anagnostatos developed a model of what happens in the production of a homeopathic remedy happens. When diluted with water to the water molecules according to their structure, such as hull to determine the active ingredient. When Verschütteln the active particles from the shell surface. To the free agents and the empty shells of water should be new, very specific hull form. Due to the extreme dilution steps would then be in the high potency of these countless billions of specific water sleeves, tailored in accordance with the appropriate starting substance.

Arguments against homeopathy are based on Newton's physics. Then, nature is the sum of its measurable and quantifiable phenomena. Since Einstein, however, matter and energy are two aspects of the same thing (E = m c2). Matter and energy are convertible into each other. Relativity theory and quantum physics have disproved Newton's definition. We are a little bit into the little explored world of the smallest parts of the universe penetrate. To do this we must employ something with physics. This way you can understand what lies behind phenomena, such as homeopathy, may be hidden.

1. Building blocks of the univers

quarks - leptons - gauge bosons - neutrinos - Higgs boson - Super Strings

The origins of the universe - Theory - Experiments  50 years of Science Video 16:08     Video 2:56 Cern

Sizes : the Atom 10-8 cm - nucleus 10-12 cm in the 19th Century the atoms as the building blocks of the universe, and kept for indivisible. It was believed that the atoms of a positive electric atomic nucleus, protons and neutrons, and a shell of electrons are negatively electric. The core contains the total mass of the atom. The atom is electrically neutral to the outside. The positive nuclear charge zahliges is a multiple of the elementary charge and equal to the negative charge of the electron shell. Core and shell are determined by the electrical forces of attraction between the charges held together equally. Within the shell, the electrons in each of the "shells" arranged.

1911 - Rutherford atomic model "The atom consists of nucleus and electron shells."  1930 - Nuclear Physics "The atomic nucleus is protons and neutrons. There are five elementary particles: 1 Protons 2nd Neutron 3rd Electrons  4th Myons of cosmic radiation and so far only theoretically proven 5th Neutrinos. "

 Atom   nucleus  Myon  

The state of research today. The detection of new mesons and baryons, first in the cosmic radiation, and later with the particle, was an impetus for even smaller particles to seek, from which the hadrons (mesons and baryons) are built. Quarks are considered as the elementary constituents (elementary particles), from which the nucleus blocks protons and neutrons - are. They carry a spin of ½ and are therefore fermions. For example, baryons (eg protons) from three quarks, mesons (eg the pion) each consisting of a quark and an anti-quark.

 Murray Gell - Mann  George Zweig

1964 postulated the Caltech - physicist Murray Gell - Mann and his colleague George Zweig of the existence of quarks. The experimental investigation was made of quarks by historically low elastic electron - nucleon - scattering (DIS). References to the existence and the properties of quarks were in the structure functions is found. In the standard model of elementary particle physics include the down - quark, the up - quark, the electron and the electron - neutrino to the first generation of particles. The six different quarks is also referred to as a Quark - Flavors. The names of the quarks and their abbreviations: u = up - down = d - c = charm - strange = s - t = top - b = button

 Kuriose rules define the world of quanta. Many of these phenomena seem common sense to oppose. Physicists disagree, what these symptoms mean. As times objects behave like particles and sometimes like waves - energy package can only be exchanged - objects exist in multiple states simultaneously - properties can be, such as location and speed, while no longer accurately measure - states of distant objects are not explainable way linked. Since quantum physics worked, she had to be accepted. Today it is in physics is no longer away to think. It is the basis of many technologies, electronics and laser optics.

It is even smaller: Higgs bosons. Today there are six quarks six leptons (electron, electron neutrino, muon, muon - neutrino, tau and the recently discovered tau neutrino with the anti-particle bosons and gluons to the basic building blocks of the universe. Even smaller: see Higgs boson

2. Prominent pro Homeopathy

Homeopathy comes from scientists, physicians, chemists, not by shamans,faith healer, herb women, or witches. As the discoverer of the cure, the physician and chemist, MD Hahnemann, 1755 - 1843, as the genius of his time was. He is the author of more than 300 separate publications, books, essays, translations and adaptations to medical issues, and said at least 9 languages and dialects. The roots of the new therapy but is already one of the most intelligent scholars of history: Hippocrates 460 - 377 BC He is considered the first, which looked at medicine as a science. He will be 61 specialists - Publications ascribed. From him comes the 'similarity law': 'Disease is caused by factors, the remedies are similar, and is eliminated by means of which cause similar symptoms. "Most physicians of his time is not accepted. They treated according to the principle of" opposites with opposites cure "(Contraria contraris) The proliferation of Homeopathy> see Tables

 Celebrities & Homeopathy: British royal family, family of the Tsar, Radetzky, Gandhi, Lincoln, Rockefeller, Goethe, Schumann, Beethoven, Chopin, Paganini, Darwin, Marques, Twain, Shaw, Irving, Salinger, McCartney, Bosch, Doyle, Sir Osler, Bosch, Sir Menuhin ..

Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon   Elizabeth II    Prince Charles      Zar Nikolaus I.     Gandhi        A. Lincoln       Droste - Huelshoff  Rockefeller        Darwin 

 Goethe           Schumann         Beethoven        Chopin          Paganini           Irving             Doyle            Twain             Salinger

Sir Menuhin               Sir McCartney     Sir Harrison      Townshend       Blaire             Clinton                  Marques         Robert Bosch  

Shaw              Sir Osler 

My recommentation: “ The Homeopathic Revolution: Famous People and Cultural Heroes Who Chose Homeopathy ” a NEW book by Dana Ullman, MPH

 Dana Ullman

“Dear Friends of Homeopathy,

Many of you know the various books that I have written on homeopathic medicine since Everybody's Guide to Homeopathic Medicines was first published in 1984.  I have written many other books since then, but my newest work is by far the most important work of my life. This is NOT any "ordinary" book on homeopathy as you shall soon see. I am honored that the foreword to this book was written by Dr. Peter Fisher, the Physician to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, but what is inside the book is even more intriguing and compelling.

This book documents many famous people of the past 200 years who have been known to use and/or advocate for homeopathic medicine. I am not simply talking about "celebrities." In fact, I have already uncovered the following amazing facts (the book contains specific quotes and/or documented stories about each person listed below and his or her experiences with homeopathy): Darwin might not have been healthy enough to have written 'Origin of Species' without the homeopathic and water-cure treatments that he received from Dr. James Manby Gully (according to Darwin's own letters).

Numerous leading conventional physicians and scientists who have had extremely positive things to say about homeopathy include Sir William Osler (the "father of modern medicine"), Emil Adolph von Behring, MD (the "father of immunology"), Charles Frederick Menninger, MD (founder of the Menninger Clinic), August Bier, MD (the "father of spinal anesthesia"), C. Everett Koop, M.D. (former Surgeon General, U.S.), Brian Josephson, PhD. (Nobel Laureate & Cambridge professor).

 At least eleven American Presidents used homeopathic medicines or sponsored legislation to allow homeopathic practice (Lincoln, Tyler, Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Harrison, McKinley, Coolidge, Harding, Hoover, & Clinton)...and two British Prime Ministers (Disraeli and Tony Blair).

Many of America's literary greats advocated for and often wrote about homeopathy, including Washington Irving, Louisa May Alcott, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Mark Twain... and European greats such as Goethe, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Lord Alfred Tennyson, and George Bernard Shaw...and many modern greats including J.D. Salinger and Gabriel Garcia Marquez.

Numerous sports greats have bragged about their use of homeopathic medicines including David Beckham, Martina Navratilova, Boris Becker, and many more.

Many world-class musicians have greatly appreciated homeopathy including Ludwig van Beethoven, Robert Schumann, Frédéric Chopin, Sir Yehudi Menuhin, Cher, Tina Turner, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Pete Townshend, Annie Lennox, Bob Weir, Paul Rodgers, Axl Rose, Moby, Jon Faddis, and Dizzy Gillespie.

Numerous movie and TV celebrities have benefited from homeopathy, including early stars such as Sarah Bernhardt, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., Marlene Dietrich and John Wayne and some of the modern-day stars, including Catherine Zeta-Jones, Lesley Ann Warren, Pamela Anderson, Jane Seymour, Suzanne Somers, Lindsay Wagner, Michael York, Dr. Phil and Robin McGraw, Priscilla & Lisa Marie Presley, Jennifer Aniston, Jade Jagger, Tobey Maguire, and Orlando Bloom.  For Homeopathy, Dana Ullman, MPH

As before, however, particularly in the United States from the orthodox medicine and the pharmaceutical industry fought. One of the main arguments of the opponents of homeopathy is that from a dilution of D 23, a number with 23 zeros - no molecules of the raw material more identifiable and thus no effects were possible, because where is NOTHING - NOTHING can also act.

3. Dr. Brian Josephson

 Prof. Dr. Brian D. Josephson, Nobel Prize in Physics 1973 Dr. Benveniste

Professor Brian Josephson is a British physicist who won a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973 for work that he had completed at the youthful age of 22 years old. He is currently a professor at the University of Cambridge where he is the head of the mind-matter unification project in the Theory of Condensed Matter research group. Responding to an article in the New Scientist (October 18, 1997), he wrote:

“ Regarding your comments on claims made for homeopathy: criticisms centered around the vanishingly small number of solute molecules present in a solution after it has been repeatedly diluted are beside the point, since advocates of homeopathic remedies attribute their effects not to molecules present in the water, but to modifications of the water's structure. Simple-minded analysis may suggest that water, being a fluid, cannot have a structure of the kind that such a picture would demand. But cases such as that of liquid crystals, which while flowing like an ordinary fluid can maintain an ordered structure over macroscopic distances, show the limitations of such ways of thinking. There have not, to the best of my knowledge, been any refutations of homeopathy that remain valid after this particular point is taken into account. A related topic is the phenomenon, claimed by Jacques Benveniste's colleague Yolène Thomas and by others to be well established experimentally, known as "memory of water". If valid, this would be of greater significance than homeopathy itself, and it attests to the limited vision of the modern scientific community that, far from hastening to test such claims, the only response has been to dismiss them out of hand”.

Josephson’s remarks on the structure of water have been confirmed by more recent research.   Find out the details about new scientific research that has confirmed the biological activity and the clinical efficacy of homeopathic medicines, as well as which other leading physicians, scientists, and cultural heroes have used and/or appreciated homeopathic medicines in Dana Ullman`s Homeopathy Revolution: Why Famous People and Cultural Heroes Choose Homeopathy (available October 2007; published by North Atlantic Books and Random House).  See a copy of the Table of Contents, a sample chapter on Literary Greats, and a series of supportive quotes for the book from professors at Harvard, Stanford, Georgetown, and others at

This notice by Dr. Josephson on water as a carrier of information, was by the latest research findings corroborated. Water offers many secrets, such as those researching ghosts Schauberger, Grander, Emoto - came on the track.

4. The big secret water - Schauberger - Grander - Dr. Emoto

Waters are distinguished by different: crystalline structures, clusters, micro-cavities and electrical charge. You Save electromagnetic vibrations and react differently to the sound - and light frequencies.

The various waters Natural water from springs, rivers and lakes in a natural, unpolluted environment, is crystalline structured water with microscopic cavities. The electron shells of these crystalline structures are electrically balanced, neutral. This water moves in micro-rotating spirals forward. Water management is unstructured water, charged with chemical and mechanical energy and information - chlorine, fluorine, pumps, filters, pressure pipes. The high pressure in the network management, in addition to the crystalline structure and the micro-cavities, including an electron in the outer shell electrons are lost. It is electrically positive for organisms in a biologically dead water. Only a few meters under pressure through a pipe pressed, it loses its natural ability to move around in micro-rotating spirals. The outer electrons are abstreift what the structure and vitality of the water kills.

Biological organisms in water, such as cell water or fruit water, is always lively, crystalline geklustertes, energetically and biologically active, negatively electrically charged water as long as the organism is healthy and in balance is.

 Schauberger Video

 Grander video  Waterdrop bevore / after contact with Grander  Water

 Dr. Emoto   Impressive images and videos of various water structures, by Dr. Emoto

 "thank you"                   Beethoven s "Pastorale"      Heavy metal

 Heartbreak Hotel            Alan Roubik                    Lourdes France

  kill you                      Command                  " Let us do ”

  biwako lake                 “ Hitler “                    sanbu ichi yusi

 antarctic                     shimano river

About 40 years homeopathy - experiences I particularly with athletes, horses and children did have convincing evidence of the effectiveness of this therapy. Sports - violations of all kinds, muscle - Tapes - and tendon injuries heal up to 50% faster. This is widely documented. From a PLAZEBO - EFFECT can specifically in these cases, not talk. Homeopathy is in use in Uro - genital area is very successful and especially in the obstetrics midwives increasingly becoming the standard - apply. In the digestive tract (colic) - Heart - Lung - kidney - Skin - Mental Health - can be astonishing results reported. This is proven by practitioners every day.

The kirlian photography makes the various energies of homeopathic preparations visible Placebo - Kirlian pragmatists see everything easily. They make it, in finding the right solution to a problem simply. You ask: Does it work or not. If it does - and a good - it is all ok Hence the principle: Who heals - is right. To placebo effect in athletes, horses / animals and small children / infants, is nonsense. Evidence of effectiveness or ineffectiveness to deliver, are simple. As an example, take the case of a homeopathic therapy after a sports injury. You control the whole thing by MRI or CT images. The question is why not just say what the pictures - it heals quickly and well - without risks or side effects - how it works or not. Athletes, whether human or equine, therapy may be either fully their sport - the race to run - or not.

More than 40 years own experiences in the homeopathic treatment for athletes, horses and children, I have convincing evidence of the effectiveness of this therapy is delivered. Sport - and other injuries to the muscle - bands - and tendons, heal up to 50% faster, until the full re-use. The fast, uncomplicated healing process without side effects, without doping, is in many cases by ultrasonic inspections, in a clinic for sport horses, before witnesses demonstrated and can be repeated at any time. Image Button pfeil1

When used in Uro - genital - birth by midwives-Help includes homeopathy in German hospitals has become a standard. In the application in the digestive tract - colic, appendicitis irritation, stomach, and heart - lung - Renal - Skin - Mental Health - by experienced therapists can have amazing results reported.

  Kirlian

5. How does homeopathy ?

Basically: It affects the immune system, making the organism itself helps. It is provable.

A. The homeopathic resources heals itself.

B. extreme dilution of minerals - plants - liquids - gases - organic matter - and their transfer to carriers, modify their physical properties into Konträre. These changes are the cause, effect and stimulate the immune system of patients. This causes the organism healing. He heals itself - not the therapist or the homeopathically prepared the drug.

C. Why the dilution process causes these effects and what within the micro - the nuclear area or even smaller structures of the substances used happens, it only theoretically be explained, since the previous measurement instruments are not sufficient to make it visible.

But this is basically in the natural sciences the valid procedures. The laws of physics are theories, which still partly controversial and will remain. This applies to issues such as: light - gravity - building a nuclear - including relativity theory There are more or less accepted thinking models, not optically visible evidence.

If we look at the possibilities of visual evidence and learn their limits. In addition, we look at the history around Micro - and macrocosm and the development of their devices.

 PhD Albert Einstein   1879 - 1955 Nobelprice 1921

" It is absolutely possible that beyond the perception of our sense unsuspected hidden worlds "

At all stages of human history have always been many sizes of the science of the conviction that precisely the wisdom of their time last final possess and all questions were answered humanity or at least very briefly before, this proved to be resolved. The respective world view and its scientific basis, however, surprisingly, had repeatedly revised. Proponents of new ideas, which is incorrect views aufdeckten were fixed by the bank and almost all mocked, threatened, fought, and often ruined literally to death.

New findings have in the last 500 years, the world changed, not only for the better. Again and again it turned out that it undreamt - for IMPOSSIBLES undetected for long existed. It always seems only a matter of time, technical development and the presence of curious and courageous men and women to advance into new dimensions and old to jettison.

 PhD . phil. Arthur Schopenhauer 1788 1860

" Each problem through its appreciation to 3 stages: In the first it is ridiculed, fought in the Second and Third in the course, it is considered "

Two areas of science illustrate this: the conquest of the macro - and the microcosm. Here, by religion and pseudo science theories thousands of years up to the blood defended, especially the Christian churches. It was reminiscent of the Inquisition, the new scientific theories as heresy appointed, mostly with condemnation of the representative ended. Galileo had to pretend to life and limb to save.

6. Origin of the Universe - theories - quantum physics  

 Video 9:37 BBC-Horizon-The Six Billion Dollar Experiment

Standard Model of particle physics Matter lat = "materialists" = substance, "notes" space "and has a" weight. "The modern physics called Matter everything from elementary fermions is constructed. In the standard model of particle physics, these are the quarks and leptons. protons and neutrons consist of quarks and electrons to form atoms, which in turn can form molecules. Electromagnetic radiation such as photons and gluons are not considered material. We are here in order of magnitude, unimaginably small. And we expected even smaller particles, Tau neutrinos and Higgs bosons.

Anyone who deals with quantum physics, is different from all known and logical laws of classical physics must resolve in the quantum world, things seem to blur. Light can be used as a particle or a wave occur, location and speed can not be precisely measured simultaneously arbitrarily removed strange particles can be folded manner. The rules of the quantum world are leading to new phenomena and states of matter. In the world of elementary particles there are the laws for us are unimaginable. Quantum physics deals with the properties of subatomic particles (elementary particles) and assumes that energy is not continuous, but package wise, ie in the form of quantum exists. Knowledge of nuclear physics is the understanding of quantum physics is essential

The particles - Adventure: an interactive tour of quarks, neutrinos, antimatter, extra dimensions, dark matter, particle accelerators and detectors:

The various subatomic particles vary in terms of their mass. While the photons, the basis of the electromagnetic force and the gluons, the basis of the strong force, have no mass, weigh the Z - and W - particles as much as 80 protons and an atomic nucleus. The top quark, is 350,000 times heavier than an electron. Why is the mass of the particle so different, according to the standard theory is unknown. String theory is hoped that, to explain them. But the standard model explains after Peter Higgs theory of how they acquire their mass, namely through the Intreaktion with the Higgs boson. The stronger the interaction, the greater the mass.

A few years ago is the Tevatron - Particle Accelerator of the Fermilab / USA the first evidence for the theory, by standard theory predicted and indirectly by experimental evidence known subatomic particles, called tau neutrino found. Tau neutrino was the penultimate date has not yet been empirically proven "building blocks of matter" and represents the third type of neutrino dar. What remains now only the proof of the Higgs boson. Following the standard theory of six quarks (up, down, strane, charm, top and bottom), six leptons (electron, electron - neutrino, muon, muon - neutrino, tau and the recently discovered tau neutrino) with the corresponding anti-particles, the bosons and gluons to the basic building blocks of the universe

 Fermilab  Cern

video 10:33 The Large Hadron Collider  video16:08  CERN: 50 years of Science

Between Fermilab and CERN / USA, Switzerland, there is a race of who first discovered the last particle. Scientists, as part of the ALEPH experiment - the predictions of standard theory to examine with the Large Electron Positron LEP accelerator work, have reported that they had in their experiments may be a first indication of the Higgs boson is found. Evidence because of its extreme volatility is difficult to obtain. There is only virtual and decays before it could be observed. Evidence can the Higgs boson is only indirectly, if the collision very quickly accelerated particles requires so much energy that a Higgs boson and its existence is due to the combination of particles, in which it decays, recognizable ist. 

What is Fermilab?  What is Particle Physics?  Physics at Fermilab   Fermilab's Chain of Accelerators  The CDF experiment

Demokrit           Aristoteles           Dalton                Bohr                 Rutherford            Newton                 Planck

Einstein                    de Broglie          Schroedinger         Schroedingers Imation         Heisenberg              Sir Thomson

 The atomic theory of Democritus Since the beginning of the history of mankind there have been issues in which the ghost left. What is the material world? Are there one or many primary matter? Matter is always further divisible or is there at the end slightly smaller, no longer part Bares? Such Indivisible, Greek atomon led Democritus 500 years BC as the first in the Western natural philosophy. He divided the room into the full and empty. The indivisible, tiny and invisible to the eye elements of the cosmos are the atoms. These are distinguished by the shape and size. By nature they are unmoved.

Movements only at - and bounce off the atoms themselves. The movement of atoms is eternal. From it, all phenomena in the world. There is no mixing, just link and separation of the atoms themselves. Due to the different size of the atoms have a different gravity. Democritus explained the nature of the fire, which due to the ease upward moves. This doctrine fell into oblivion. In its place came the theory of Aristotle, the four primary matter of fire, water, air and earth.

Only towards the end of the 18th Century, when the scientist began to different substances such as Water systematically dismantle and re-assemble, Democritus was the idea of atoms and revived this final. Dalton discovered the law of 'constant proportions': you synthesise a substance from two or more different components, so these are always the same masses - and volume ratio. To 18 grams of water from the 'elements' produce hydrogen and oxygen, you need two volumes of hydrogen to one volume of oxygen or exactly two grams of hydrogen and sixteen grams of oxygen, excess amounts of one of the two elements are not synthesized. "

These analogue experiments in many findings could be confirmed without artificial assumptions, the only way to explain: "there are some raw materials - elements - such as hydrogen, oxygen - the smallest units (atoms) compounds have a very zahliges multiples of the mass of the lightest atom, the Hydrogen atoms are. These 'atoms' join together across zahligen conditions' molecules'. For the atomic mass of an element relative to the mass of the hydrogen atom, one has the slightly later imprecise term 'atomic weight' was introduced. "

The thesis: " phenomena which, in contrast to current physics, can not exist " is no longer tenable.

Max Planck and Albert Einstein initiated the beginning of the 20th Century, a revolution of the physical world of Newton A. Did the scientists previously believed that the same nature with a giant clockwork determined sequences, they were now confronted, that basic operations - such as the emission of light quanta, or the decay of atoms - made entirely coincidental.

 After the atom Bohr model of the electrons orbit like planets around the atomic nucleus. In quantum physics, the picture changes dramatically: electrons are no longer defined particles with a defined location and velocity, but appear as a "wave function" as a complex probability distribution in appearance. The computer graphic shows the wave function of an electron in a hydrogen atom. Atomic electrons can occupy different energy states. The higher their energy, the more complicated the corresponding wave function. The figure corresponds to an electron in quantum state n1 = 6, n2 = 7, m = 2

Strange rules define the quantum world - the rules associated with our everyday experience have only little in common. But no matter how exotic the quantum world may be, it has many technologies of our daily life possible - and further, even more incredible applications are in sight. In the quantum world is strange: Given objects times behave like particles and sometimes like waves, and since energy can only be exchanged or package, because there are objects in several states simultaneously, as can features such as location and speed are no longer exactly the same time measure and there are states of distant objects on ghostly manner.

Many of these phenomena seem common sense to oppose. And even the experts can not agree what these phenomena for our understanding of the reality mean. But quantum physics works: It now pervades the whole of physics, and almost all modern technologies. It not only describes the behavior of the smallest particles correctly, even the modern electronics or optics, the laser would be unthinkable without them. And with the so-called quantum computers are more exciting applications in the development

video 2:56 Quarks: Inside the Atom  CERN    Video 4:23  Pulsars & Neutron Stars    video 7:47   Quasars   video 4:34  Neutrinos

7. Periodic Table - 94 Natural - 18 other elements = 112 

  The atoms are taken in the periodic table of elements together. The " Periodic Table " refers only to atoms in the electrically neutral state. In it there are subdivisions to the differences between stable and unstable (radioactive) elements. 80 stable elements occur in nature

Beginning of the 19th Century, Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner first time a connection between the atomic mass and chemical properties of individual elements. 1863 was John Alexander Reina Newland one after table ordered atomic masses of elements in eight groups (law of octaves) on. The periodic table itself was 1869 almost simultaneously and independently by Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834-1907) and Lothar Meyer (1830-1895) established. It also ordered them the chemical elements according to increasing atomic masses, while elements with similar properties (number of valence electrons) among themselves ordered.

 Dobereiner   Newland Mendeleev   Meyer

 Most elements were in the 19th Century discovered and scientifically described. At the beginning of the 20th Century, only ten of the natural elements unknown. Since then, especially difficult to access, often radioactive elements. Many of these elements are not in nature and are the product of artificial nuclear fusion processes. Radioactive elements are only bismuth, thorium and uranium in large quantities in nature exists. Their half times in the magnitude of the age of the earth. All other radioactive elements are up to an isotope of plutonium either intermediate decay products of the four radioactive decay series, such as radium or are rare in natural nuclear reactions or by spontaneous fission of uranium and thorium. Elements with atomic numbers over 94 can only be manufactured, although they are in the element synthesis in supernova arise, due to its short half times still no trace of them found in nature.

 

8. Element 112 Copernicum - CP

 Nuclear scientist in Darmstadt create new elements, instead of six. The GSI Helmholtz center operates a worldwide unique accelerator facility for heavy ions. Here are ion beams of all elements up to uranium - the heaviest naturally occurring element - in each load condition and prepare to bring nearly the speed of light. The plant can also beams of radioactive nuclei produced and accelerated.

The Helmholtz Association is equipped with its 16 research centers and an annual budget of around 2.8 billion euros, Germany's largest scientific organization. It operates advanced research in six research areas: Energy - Earth and Environment - Health - Key Technologies - Structure of Matter - Transport and Space

Prof. Dr. Hermann von Helmholtz  GSI  Element 112 Copernicum CP Nicolaus Copernicus Prof. Dr. Sigurd Hofmann

UNILAC                                  SIS Schwerionen                     Synchrotron

1. picture The UNILAC building - a 120 m long linear accelerator - brings the ions on the road and accelerates to 20 percent of the speed of light.

2. picture SIS - Heavy Ion Synchrotron - In the heavy ion synchrotron SIS, the ion beam in a few hundred thousand cycles further accelerated to 90 percent of the speed of light

3. picture ISR - Experimental Storage Ring - In the experimental storage ring ESR may previously accelerated - stable or radioactive - ions are stored. While you perform a few million to several billion revolutions at a constant high speed.

The atomic scientists in Darmstadt have the official confirmation by the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) get it again a new element discovered. So far they found for element Bohrium 107, Hassium for element 108, for Meitnerium element 109, Darmstadtium for element 110 and element Roentgenium for 111th After elements of the periodic table according to N. Bohr, the state of Hesse, Lise Meitner, the city of Darmstadt and was named X-ray, is now currently the worst - officially recognized element on earth - in honor of the astronomer Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) on the name "Copernicium" with the symbol " Cp "be baptized. The nuclei of Copernicium are 277 times heavier than hydrogen. For a fraction of a second was created by fusion in the shelling of a lead foil with zinc ions. At the GSI experiments, the discovery of element 112 leading scientists, 21 were from Germany, Finland, Russia and Slovakia participated.

The award for the element names competent international association IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry), the recognition on 10 June 2009 the Head of the discovery team, Dr. Sigurd Hofmann, forthwith. Already in 1996, the international team of researchers led by Professor Sigurd Hofmann of GSI accelerator at the Helmholtz Center the first time an atom of element 112 produced. A second atom they were able to demonstrate in 2000. In subsequent experiments in the accelerator laboratory RIKEN in Japan have been more atoms of element 112 demonstrated that GSI-discovery undoubtedly confirmed.

The significance of the number 112th It takes ions. Ions are atoms, where a portion of the electron cloud has been removed and therefore are electrically charged. Such charged ions in electric and magnetic fields to a bundled beam and high speeds.

For the production of element 112, scientists shoot zinc electrically charged atoms, or zinc ions, with the 120-meter-long particle accelerator at GSI a foil made of lead. Through nuclear fusion, the two nuclei of the elements zinc and lead to an atomic nucleus of the new element. It owns the so-called atomic number 112, hence the provisional name "element 112". It arises from the sum of the atomic numbers of the two main elements: zinc, the atomic number 30, atomic number lead the 82nd The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus are located. In addition to the protons are located in the nucleus or neutrons, for the classification of the element, however, play no role. Orbits the nucleus of 112 electrons, the chemical properties of the new element determined.

9.The atomic model of Bohr

1913 Niels Bohr formulated his atomic model in analogy to the structure of our planetary system. Accordingly, all the electrons in circular orbits around the nucleus to move around. His model took into account the first time the different energy states of the electric railways (= electron shells). The base material for his reflections, he had in the investigation of the hydrogen atom is collected. According to these findings Bohr formulated the following theoretical principles:

 1. An electron can only refer to specific, discrete Kreisbahnen residents. These discrete circular paths are also called energy levels. The tracks are arranged concentrically around the nucleus arranged. Each track comes with a letter (K, L, M, ...) called.

 2nd  For each track, on which the electron orbits the nucleus, the electron has a certain energy. On the K - shell, the nucleus is closest, is the electron energy at the least. For the electron to an outer rail is to get his energy must be fed. The energy of an electron should not accept values that are at a point between the permitted railways would bring. 

 3.  If the electron in the innermost track, and the lowest energy, so is the atom in the ground state. Through the injection of the electron energy can be applied to a larger jump rail and a higher energy state to accept that it is driven mode. 

 4.  If the electron from an excited state to a more inside track jumps, a defined amount of energy released in the form of a light quantum is emitted. The amount of energy equal to the difference of the energies of the higher and lower energy state.

Shorter nominated:  1.  The electron moves in circular paths with discrete energies En for the proton. 2nd The angular momentum train Ln zahliges is a multiple of h / 2π: Ln = nh/2π 3rd The observed Spekral lines correspond to the electron jumps from a train n2 to n1 a train, while a photon with the energy EN2 - EN1 and the wavelength λ = hc / (E2 - E1) is emitted.

1911 Rutherford experiments paved the way for a detailed understanding of the structure of atoms and chemical elements that make up the whole matter of the universe is made up of: Each element has an atomic number Z of its corresponding number of positively charged protons in the nucleus and an equally large number of negatively charged electrons in the 'shell (Z = 1 for hydrogen, Z = 2 for helium ... Z = 92 for the heaviest element, uranium). The electrical attraction between protons and electrons holds the atom together; outwardly appears the atom is electrically neutral. In addition to the fixed number of protons Z, the atomic nucleus of an element with atomic number Z of a variable number of neutrons contained, so that its mass can be variable - isotopes. What is happening with the electrons?

The atomic model of Bohr led directly to quantum mechanics. Based on the observation that the elementary particles in some experiments the properties of particles in another one of the waves which led Heisenberg, de Broglie, Schrödinger Born and the concept of matter waves. From Schrödinger's wave equation for the electron in the hydrogen atom were now the 'gequantelten' Bohr energy - but this time as the exact solutions of a mathematical differential equation. Unlike the exactly solvable hydrogen atom with its two particles, the energy states in atoms with multiple electrons can only be determined imprecisely. Yet here too, in all cases a striking consistency of the quantum - mechanical theory with observations, if you do this from the quantum mechanics derived 'Pauli principle' into account: in each of the possible discrete energy shells of electrons may have a very specific number of electrons are located. Is a bowl of 'occupied', then a subsequent electron into the next bowl with a smaller binding energy go.

10. Prof. Dr. Wolfgang J. Pauli - 1900 - 1958 “ Pauli Principle “

 Einstein & Pauli

At the age of 19 he began his studies in physics, with 21 years he earned his doctorate in Munich and at 23 he became a professor in Hamburg. He has published 93 Article and 11 books, but more than 2,000 scientific letters. Einstein, Commentary on the Book of Pauli "Theory of Relativity": "Who this mature and large-scale works studied, does not believe that the author is a man of twenty-one years. You do not know what we most admire is the psychological understanding of the idea of development, security of mathematical deduction, the profound physical view, the balance sheets of systematic presentation, the literature knowledge, the factual completeness, the safety of the critics. "Max Born:" I knew since the time because he is my assistant in Göttingen was that he was a genius, comparable only with Einstein himself, so that he purely scientific, perhaps even greater than Einstein, albeit a very different perspective of person who, in my view, Einstein's size is not reached. "

Pauli was co-founder of CERN. 1930, at age 30, he said the existence of a particle requires the existence of only 25 years later has been confirmed. Enrico Fermi later called it "little neutron" neutrino. What brought him to the idea? Under the former theory happens during beta decay following a neutron in the nucleus decays into a proton and electron. Since the proton in the nucleus and remains little or no recoil absorbs energy, the electron would need all the energy and have weggeschleudert be. It is noted that the energy spectrum for electrons from beta decays to measure, as follows:

 Prof. Dr. Fermi  Prof. Dr. Cadwick

As you can see, there is a continuous energy distribution of electrons, not just a discrete value. How can that be? The energy should be retained but Pauli's idea: There must be another part of his existence. He called it neutron. 1932 Chadwick discovered the electric uncharged core component. 1935 Enrico Fermi developed the theory of beta decay and identified the other particles involved neutrino.

The Atom - and molecular physics is not finished 'classic' science. Especially in recent decades, spectacular discoveries were due to the large number of Nobel Prizes in this time is confirmed. Here was the development of lasers, the stimulated, parallel emission of light, certainly the most successful, with major applications in numerous fields such as engineering, metrology, distance determination, frequency standards, data storage, reproduction, health and medicine.

With such lasers, one is now in the process of chemical reactions to ultra-short time ranges of up to 10-15 s to investigate. Using sophisticated methods ( 'Laser cooling'), we succeeded in the smallest atoms to save space and to close to 0 Kelvin cool, with a new coherent state of matter was produced Bose - Einstein - condensation, to a wide variety of applications, eg 'Atom lasers' may result.

With the help of new microscopes (scanning tunneling microscopy, force microscopy), it was possible individual atoms to make and manipulate, with the future prospect of data at the atomic scale. The quantum mechanics formerly largely in the form of 'thought experiments' fantastic predicted properties of matter waves were now on a broad front experimentally realized. 'Entangled' atomic states are already in initial trials as applied quantum cryptography to secure data.

11. Prof. Dr. Bose - Boson

Satyendranath Bose         Bose - Einstein - condensate (BEC)                                  Bose - Einstein - Statistics

Satyendranath Bose * 1894 in Calcutta, † 1974, Indian physicist who made important contributions to mathematical and statistical physics provided. In particular, his collaboration with Albert Einstein on the gas of electromagnetic radiation have been recognized. A short article on the quantum statistics of photons, which he at the age of 27 years wrote when he was at the University of Dhaka worked, caught the attention of Albert Einstein. Einstein took the idea and turned it on atoms. Thus he said the existence of the so-called Bose - Einstein - ahead of condensates.

He claimed that when these particles is not only possible that two or more occupy the same state, but that this situation is even more preferable. Einstein drew the conclusion that at a certain temperature all the bosons of a system to occupy the ground state when the quantum mechanical wave functions of the particles begin to overlap. This has the consequence that the microcosm of the macroscopic properties of quantum mechanics shows

In the experiment, the Bose - Einstein - condensate for the first time in 1995 by an American group in Bolder observed. But the prediction of the phenomenon was much earlier: it dates from the year 1924 - so it has more than 70 years before this theory could be confirmed. Bose and Einstein established the theoretical foundations. Meanwhile, it is more than one group, only three of them in Germany, succeeded in this new Materieart in the laboratory. Bose was an article about the statistical distribution of particles with integer spin out today after he called bosons.

The Bose - Einstein - condensate (BEC) is an extreme physical state of a system of indistinguishable particles, where the overwhelming proportion of the particles in the same quantum state. This is only possible if the particles are bosons and therefore the Bose Einstein statistics subject. Bose Einstein condensates are macroscopic quantum objects, in which the individual bosons are completely delocalized. The probability of each boson, there at a certain point level, is everywhere the same within the condensate. The state can therefore be replaced by a single wave function will be described. This results in characteristics such as Suprafluidität, superconductivity or consistency over macroscopic distances. The latter allows interference experiments with Bose Einstein condensates and the manufacture of an atom laser, which is controlled by Auskoppelung a portion of matter waves of the condensate is holding the event can obtain

The Bose Einstein statistics, a distribution in quantum statistics. It describes the mean occupation number \ n durable (E) \ rangle of a quantum state of energy E in thermodynamic equilibrium, at absolute temperature T for identical bosons as particles vacant - it is analogous to the Fermi - Dirac - Statistics, when instead of bosons, fermions be considered.

 Bosons are in the standard model of particle physics all the particles, which possess very zahligen spin. These include: 1. among the elementary particles: the gauge bosons as mediators of fundamental forces 2nd among the composite particles, all atomic nuclei with even number of nucleons and 3 the phonons It is not a real particle, such as an atom or an electron, but a bound state or a combination of a solid particle. Nevertheless, such quasi-particles are quite typical particle properties, especially effective mass, energy, quasi - momentum, spin, wavelength, and (discrete) excitation spectra. Quasi particles can scatter each other, for example, and energy and momentum exchange

When a cloud of atoms cooled even further than normal laser cooling methods possible, opened up a world of new physical phenomena. When the mutual distance of the particle with its wavelength is comparable to apply new rules allowed the atoms previously regarded as separate particles, so they lose their individuality and go completely in the totality of all the atoms of the cloud. One then speaks of a coherent many-particle system. Bosons are aiming at extremely low temperatures all in the same quantum state. For these particles had Satyendra Bose and Albert Einstein in the 20s predicted that the transition to a coherent many-body system occur very suddenly and, similar to a classical phase transition, from a change in the macroscopic properties should be accompanied. In 1995 this was Bose - Einstein - condensing the first time - after nearly twenty years of arduous preparatory work - from three American groups for the metal atoms of rubidium, lithium and sodium can be observed.

12. The atom laser 

 What is an atom laser? The basis for an atom laser is the Bose - Einstein - condensate. It thus has an atomic cloud, the 10 million times colder than the universe, and the dramatic of all natural substances in various states of aggregation are different: all atoms in it have become one giant super atom. You can use this unit with a single wave function describe. With a magnetic cage will be kept in one place. Let these waves can escape this cage, so that they can continue to proliferate, and a matter wave beam results. For this purpose you drill with a radio blasting a hole in the magnetic cage and the gravity wave is pulled down, forming a 2 mm-long beam matter. This has very strong similarity with a light beam of a laser, so it is referred to as atom lasers. The only difference is the matter waves instead of light waves

Atom laser optics and vacuum pump              laser diodes vacuum apparatus                          Ways of atoms

 Left: atom laser with Auskoppel mechanisms: Number 1 o'clock-3 o'clock are pulsed, 2 is continuous, 4 or less continuously. 

  Density distribution of the interference of two atom laser beams

 In the case of Bose Einstein condensation is used two ways to cool atoms to the laser cooling and evaporative cooling, also called evaporation cooling. The laser cooling is based on the idea of atoms with laser beams abzubremsen by the light atoms figuratively speaking the opposite of their direction of motion puts a bump. More specifically, laser cooling experienced when interacting with the laser field due to the Doppler effect, a speed-dependent force. This phenomenon is used to set the atoms in an arrangement of six opposing laser beams to about 100 micro-Kelvin to cool. An additional scale, weak magnetic field succeeds, the atoms in laser light to hold.

For the evaporation cooling there is a vivid picture of everyday life: the cooling of a cup of hot coffee. The blow off steam of the coffee is the coffee to cool. The same thing with the atom: we removed the hottest by continuously lowering the trap potential. The remaining case in the remaining atoms by elastic collisions strive again to the thermal equilibrium, which is then at a lower temperature. Thus, temperatures of a millionth of a Kelvin above absolute zero temperature can reach

The mechanism means Auskoppel vividly, the condensate from the magnetic case to escape. One can imagine the cigar, with a length of 1 / 10 mm and a radius of 1 / 100 mm and this is now controlled from the trap to escape. There are various mechanisms for Auskoppel atom laser. Basically it is always a question of the condensate atoms from a magnetically trapped state into a magnetically trapped state überzuführen not. When pulsed, the procedure can be reached by short radiofrequency pulses, so that a portion of the potential traps the atoms no longer felt.

Through multiple irradiation succeeds, a Pulszug coherent matter waves to produce by the gravitational process. To the atoms in Auskoppeln addressed to speed there is an optical laser field. This creates a pulse on the atoms, when they are not caught in the state be transferred. A continuous atom laser beam as in the Munich experiment can be created through a radio frequency field over a longer period is received. This makes it possible to extract the condensate atoms locally. As with the other method, the atoms are then accelerated by gravity. Since the smallest disturbances in the magnetic field (eg electrical equipment), the atomic flux may interrupt a shield from a certain metal built, all the Noise from the environment to avoid. Figuratively speaking, this means that the condensate can keep so quiet that it is the invisible opening in the event there. This achieves a directed beam of a length of more than two millimeters, and you can locate leak.

The secrets to building the smallest parts of the universe are not solved long. The incredible small size is a major problem.

13. Orders of magnitude (length)

Micrometer micron 10-6 m = 0,000.001 m

Nanometer nm 10 p.m. to 9 p.m. The smallest m with a conventional light microscope recognizable structures are about 200-500 nm in size. For the investigation of structures below this size are used mostly scanning electron microscopes, scanning tunneling microscopes, atomic force microscopes. With STED - microscopy and transmission electron microscopy are now also resolutions to 20 nm has been achieved.

Pikometer pm 10 a.m. to 12 a.m. m. The hydrogen atom was the smallest atomic unit of an atomic radius of 37 pm. Large atoms have radii greater than 200 pm. 100 pm correspond to an Ångström. The wavelength of gamma radiation is given in pm.

Femtometer fm 10-15 m Formerly Fermi also named after the Italian physicist Enrico Fermi. Nucleus radii are indicated in Femtometern (size: 10 fm). Protons and neutrons have a diameter of about 1.6 fm. The Fermi in Germany is not a legal unit of measurement.

Kuriose nuclei Some atomic nuclei have exotic particles, which from the central composite and leave a cloud form. The sets are like a halo or "halo" around the trunk core. Such a halo can be found in the beryllium 11, a specific isotope of the metal beryllium. In this case, the halo of a single neutron formed. Scientists at the Institute for Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg - University Mainz, it is now managed for the first time, this one - Neutron - Halo with the help of a laser to precisely measure and determine the extension of the veil

14. History of optical telescopes

 video 11:55  Optical telescopes - visible light

As one of the researchers in the first hours of the telescope is one of Galileo, which is available on the market glass - and bought himself lenses built instruments that eventually up to 33 times magnification possible. Be theories about the structure of the universe and the solar system ledto Inquisition and processes.

 Galileo Galilei  1564 - 1642   1. Telescope

The first big Teleskop became in United Kingdom Birrcastle 1845

The development of optical telescopes went rapidly. The currently largest optical telescopes with primary mirror diameter of more than 8 m are:

15. The  macrocosm telescopes

The current largest 8 meter telescope sees 10 million times further into the universe than the human eye 133,000,000,000,000,000,000,000. Trilliarden kilometers. 21 zeros

Overview of existing or planned optical telescopes to the size of the mirror

 William Herschel Telescope WHT      1×4,20 m   2.400 m   Spanien 1987

Discovery Channel Telescope DCT      1×4,20 m   2.365 m   USA   2010

Hale Telescope                       1×5,08 m   1.713 m   USA     1949

Large Zenith Telescope LZT            1×6,00 m            Kanada   2003

Big Telescope Altazimuthal BTA        1×6,00 m   2.070 m   Russland 1975

Multiple Mirror Telescope MMT         1×6,50 m   2.606 m   USA     2000

Magellan 10                           2×6,50 m   2.300 m   Chile    2000

Gemini North                          1×8,10 m   4.205 m   Hawaii   1999

Gemini South                         1×8,10 m   2.682 m   Chile     2001

Subaru NLT                           1×8,20 m   4.139 m   Hawaii   1998

Large Synoptic Survey Telescop LSST  1×8,40 m   2.682 m   Chile    2013

Large Binocular Telescope LBT         2×8,40 m2  3.267 m   USA    2006

Very Large Telescope VLT             4×8,20 m   2.635 m   Chile    1998

Keck                                 2×10,00 m  4.145 m   Hawaii  1996

Gran Telescopio Canarias GTC         1×10,40 m  2.426 m   Spanien 2007

Hobby-Eberly Telescope HET           1×11,10 m  1.980 m   USA    1999

Southern African Large Telescope SALT 1×11,10 m  1.760 m  Südafrika 2005

Thirty Meter Telescope TMT            1×30,00 m                     2010

European Extremely Large Telescope ELT  1×42,00 m                 2018

Overwhelmingly Large Telescope OWL  1×100,00 m                   2020

Depending on the frequency spectrum or wavelengths of the electromagnetic radiation, there are:

1st  X-ray telescopes

2nd Optical telescopes - lens - Mirror Telescopes

3rd  Infrared telescopes

4th  Radio telescopes

16. Keck LBT ELT  EURO 50 OWL VLT LSST GMT GTC TMT 

The Gemini - telescopes in Hawaii and in Chile . The Subaru - Telescope in Hawaii  The Hobby - Eberly - Telescope in Texas, USA   The Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) in South Africa.   The largest telescope mirror Gran Telescopio Canaris on La Palma, Spain - called GRANTECAN - GLT

University of Hawaii   Aerial Tour of the Mauna Kea Observatories - website Keck Observatory PDF 36 sites

Mauna Kea Telescopes  Optical / Infrared

UH 0.6m	UH 0.6-m educational telescope	0.6m		University of Hawaii at Hilo	1968
UH 2.2m	UH 2.2-m telescope	2.2m		UH Institute for Astronomy	1970
IRTF	NASA Infrared Telescope Facility	3.0m		NASA	1979
CFHT	Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope	3.6m		Canada/France/UH	1979
UKIRT	United Kingdom Infrared Telescope	3.8m		United Kingdom	1979
Keck I	W. M. Keck Observatory	10m		Caltech/University of  California	1992
Keck II	W. M. Keck Observatory	10m		Caltech/University of  California	1996
Subaru	Subaru Telescope	8.3m		Japan	1999
Gemini	Gemini Northern Telescope	8.1m		USA/UK/ Canada/Argentina / Australia/Brazil/Chile	1999

Submillimeter

CSO	Caltech Submillimeter Observatory	10.4m		Caltech/NSF	1987
JCMT	James Clerk Maxwell Telescope	15m		UK/Canada/Netherlands	1987
SMA	Submillimeter Array	8x6m		Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory/Taiwan	2002

Radio

VLBA

Very Long Baseline Array

25m

NRAO/AUI/NSF

1992

videos Engineering connections - The Keck Observatory - Part 1-3 10:28  10:57  10:50

 The two KECK - Telescopes of the Manau Kea Observatory - Hawaii

ESO operates the La Silla Paranal Observatory, providing some of the world's largest and most advanced observational facilities at three sites in Northern Chile: La Silla, Paranal and Chajnantor.

VLT  - ESO Very Large Telescope Video 5:14 4:14

La Silla Paranal Observatory: The Paranal Facilities Paranal :The biggest optical observatory of world 2:31

On Paranal ESO operates the ESO Very Large Telescope (VLT) with four 8.2-m telescopes (the Unit Telescopes or short UTs). Each UT provides one Cassegrain and two Nasmyth focus stations for facility instruments. One Nasmyth focus is available for visitor instruments. In addition each UT is equipped with a Coude focus station from which the light can be coherently combined in the interferometric focus.

 ESO also operates four 1.8m Auxiliary Telescopes (ATs), that are used as an interferometric array (VISA). Currently, 11 instruments including 2 interferometric instruments are operational and offered for science observations. Soon, two survey telescopes shall be operated: the 4-m infrared VISTA, and the 2.5-m visible VST telescopes

The Very Large Telescope (VLT) at Cerro Paranal is ESO's premier site for observations in the visible and infrared light. All four unit telescopes of 8.2m diameter are individually in operation with a large collection of instruments.

ESO operates three major telescopes (3.6-m telescope, New Technology Telescope (NTT), 2.2-m Max-Planck - ESO telescope) at La Silla. They are equipped with state of the art instruments either built completely by ESO or by external consortia, with substantial contribution by ESO.

 APEX, the A tacama P athfinder E xperiment, is a collaboration between Max Planck Institut for Radioastronomie (MPIfR) at 50%, Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) at 23%, and the European Southern Observatory (ESO) at 27% to construct and operate a modified ALMA prototype antenna as a single dish on the high altitude site of Llano Chajnantor. The telescope was supplied by VERTEX Antennentechnik, Duisburg, Germany. APEX has a suite of heterodyne spectrometers and wide-field bolometer cameras operating in most of the atmospheric windows from 0.2 to 1.4 mm.

Observing with APEX will allow us to study warm and cold dust in starforming regions both in our own Milky Way and in distant galaxies in the young universe. High frequency spectral lines enable the exploration of the structure and chemistry of planetary atmospheres, dying stars, molecular clouds as well as inner regions of starburst galaxies. We will address issues from the vast scales of the structure of the Universe down to the physics and chemistry of comets.

LBT  Large Binocular Teloscope in Arizona USA, with two mirrors video 4:25

The double telescopic covers as much light as a 11.8 m mirror, it would be up to 2.5 million kilometers away, the light of a burning candle can be observed. The optical resolution of the LBT can use interferometry to that of a 22.8 - meter - levels are increased. With the help of interferometry is also the light from the central stars or less disappears, to which any planets directly visible - Nulling - interferometry

Large Synoptic Survey Telescope  LSST  - video 5:22 2:38 Revolutionary LSST Project Rooted at the UA 4:52   Next: An Enormous Picture of the Universe 53:44

In 2003, the LSST Corporation, a Non - Profrit - Society with the objective of a telescope for complete coverage of the sky to build and operate, was founded. The means of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, LSST data obtained should be fully public, and therefore every scientist and interested in astronomy will be made available. With a 8.40 meter primary mirror telescope is expected to be equipped in 2010, the first time in operation and in 2014 finally be completed. As the site was the summit of Cerro Pachón, a 2682 meter high mountain in the Chilean Andes elected.

Unlike previous large telescopes, which are mainly on the observation and exploration of individual, very distant objects and phenomena concentrate, the LSST pursues another goal: using the regular, expected within three days past full digital map of the sky should be relatively quickly firmament on moving objects such as asteroids, trans-objects from the Kuiper - belt or cloud of Oortschen and Novae and supernovae are covered. In addition, the images depicted on the stars, distant galaxies and other structures of the universe in the form of a 3D - Atlas of the Universe as a basis for a comprehensive analysis of the distribution of mass in the universe and hence the search for dark matter and gravitational lensing serve..

Giant Magellan Telescope GMT - PDF 31 sites image galery  video 0:56

The Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) the product of more than a century of astronomical research and telescope-building by some of the world’s leading research institutions - will open a new window on the universe for the 21st century. Scheduled for completion around 2018, the GMT will have the resolving power of a 24.5-meter (80 foot) primary mirror - far larger than any other telescope ever built. It will answer many of the questions at the forefront of astrophysics today and will pose new and unanticipated riddles for future generations of astronomers.

GMT Partner Institutions

 Carnegie Institution for Science  The University of Texas at Austin  Harvard University  The Australian National University  Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory  University of Arizona  Texas A&M University  Astronomy Australia Ltd.  Texas A&M University   Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

The GMT will produce images up to 10 times sharper than the Hubble Space Telescope.

GRANTECAN the largest reflecting telescope in the world GTC / video 8:03 2:02

On 24 July 2009 was supported by the Spanish royal couple, on the island of La Palma, the largest in the world reflecting telescope inaugurated. Astronomers are drawn to it because of the clear nights. The group of islands in the Atlantic is regarded worldwide as one of the most ideal locations to observe the universe. The heart of this "galaxy hunter is a mirror diameter of 10.4 meters and a usable area of just 82 square meters. The mirror consists of 36 hexagonal segments, which together weigh 18 tons.

 For crystal - clear images should, inter alia, provide adaptive optics. It is like 200 times per second, the distortion of light on its path through the atmosphere. The effect can be used with a coin that is thrown into a swimming pool will illustrate: As long as the water moves, it is hard to see, but is equally visible when the water stopped. He is about six square meters bigger than the other giant telescopes - in astronomy are the worlds. His vision of human pupil is 400,000,000 and it is so precise that one on the moon could be seen a plate. The telescope weighs 400 tons and is 45 meters high. This represents a 14-floor skyscraper.

Thirty Meter Telescope TMT video 3:28 Images: Photo-Illustrations 78 - pictures The Detailed Science Case / PDF 100 sites

The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) is a reflecting telescope with a planned 30 - meter diameter mirror. The primary mirror will consist of 492 segments with a diameter of 1.4 meters can be produced. The telescope is designed for observations in the wavelength range from 0.31 to 28 micrometers conceived. It comes with an adaptive optics, and at wavelengths greater than 0.8 microns so that a ten-fold higher resolution than the Hubble Space Telescope reach. The preferred location is the Mauna Kea mountain in Hawaii. The scientific operations will be 2018.

TMT Fast Facts

  * 30 meter, f1 mirror

  * 492, 1.45 meter mirror segments

  * 20 arcminute field of view

1st Light Instruments

  * Wide-field Optical Spectrometer and Imager (WFOS)

  * Near-infrared Integral Field Spectrograph and Imager for AO corrected images (IRIS)

  * AO at 1st Light: 0.8 Strehl at 2µ, 0.007” resolution @ 1µ, 30” field of view

  * Near-infrared multislit spectrograph and imager for AO corrected images over a 2’ field (IRMS)

The biggest planned for 2018 eye in the universe  ELT & Euro 50 - video 3:41 3:15

The European Extremely Large Telescope, ELT, is the proposal by the European Southern Observatory ESO for a new optical telescope of the next generation. There will be a primary mirror with 42 meters in diameter, composed of 906 hexagonal mirror elements assembled to be. It is expected that the construction in the year 2018 will be completed. It represents a technological step to the also planned Overwhelmingly Large Telescope, OWL with a 100 meter primary mirror and the Euro 50 with a 50 meter primary mirror With a mirror diameter of about 42 meters, it will be the largest telescope in the world.

 ELT

Euro 50 - a 50 meter mirror / PDF 7 sites  PDF 8 sites

 EURO 50

 OWL - the giant - 100 m mirror  video 3:17

The planning goes into even more unimaginable dimensions - with a 100-meter mirror of the ESO Teloskop, the Overwhelmingly Large Telescope, OWL

 It already exists in your computer. The giant telescope, a forty times better resolution and 1600 times higher sensitivity than the Hubble Space Telescope have. The sharp eye could be a giant man on the moon recognize. The 100-meter mirror for the OWL will consist of about three thousands of individual hexagonal segments. His lichtsammelnde area will reach six thousand square meters. Penetrates the light of a celestial body by the turbulent atmosphere, creates a distorted picture. A solution to adaptive optics, the VLT already used with success. A few centimeters of small, extremely thin mirror in front of the detector in the beam of the telescope is computer controlled deformed up to five hundred times per second and corrected so the disturbing effect of air turbulence. The image quality is almost as good as with a telescope in space. This one never held for possible distances forward. There will be 100 x more sensitive than the current largest telescopes. Where are the limits? With the 8-meter mirror is so far 133 kilometers Trilliarden see. How far is it with the 100 meters to go!

Reminder: 1 light year is no unit of time, but a unit of measurement - the distance that light in one year zurücklegt = 9.5 trillion km (12 zeros)

17. The space telescopes - HUBBLE / SPITZER / COMPTON / CHANDRA / IXO

Spectacular was the stationing of 4 space telescopes, with which it was possible, without air pollution clear images of the universe. video Deep Field 6:13

1st Compton Gamma Ray Observatory video 5:55 Spherical Amusements - Stargazer

2nd Chandra X Ray Observatory video 59:27 High Energy Vision: The Chandra X-ray Observatory

3rd Spitzer Space Telescopes video 8:50 video 3:00 

4th Hubble Telescope HST Soace videos - chapter 1- 9/2 10:27 5:04  8:34 10:01 7:58 9:51  6:10  6:07 6:49 8:09

Spitzer Space Teleskope                                              Hubble Soace Telescope HST

 

The biggest of these is the Hubble telescope. It has 3 main tasks: to take pictures on 1 visible - 2 ultraviolet - 3 infrared light. In 1990, it is in space at an altitude of 590 km, and orbits the earth in 95 minutes, it has a diameter from 4.30 meters, weighs 11.300kg and is 13.10 meters long. The parabolic mirror is 2.4 meters and can be of 20 Mpc (1 Megaparsec = 3.3 million light years) bill: 20 x 3.3 = 66 million light years x 9.5 trillion km = km = 627,000,000,000,000,000,000 trillion 18 zeros far seen.

2021 planned "IXO" better than Hubble  video 5:11  IXO Decadal Animation Showing Spacecraft Concept and Mirror Tech

 IXO Technic

X-ray telescopes detect the radiation from the hot cloud of explosion Supernovas, and of celestial bodies with strong magnetic fields, such as neutron stars or black holes. After Rosat, Chandra and Newton satellites should have a name Xeus tandem with the task of the modern take on X-ray telescope. Both NASA and the ESA when scientists were busy, the successor to the X-ray space telescopes Chandra and XMM Newton space of the two organizations. In mid-July, it was decided to prefer jointly to build a successor - the International X - ray Observatory, IXO shortly. It replaces the European plans for the space telescope XEUS (X - ray Evolving Universe Spectroscopy), which together with the Japanese space agency JAXA should be realized.

18. The  MAGIC telescope - Eye for the Extreme Universe

 X-ray telescopes detect the radiation from the hot cloud of explosion Supernovas, and of celestial bodies with strong magnetic fields, such as neutron stars or black holes. After Rosat, Chandra and Newton satellites should have a name Xeus tandem with the task of the modern take on X-ray telescope. Both NASA and the ESA when scientists were busy, the successor to the X-ray space telescopes Chandra and XMM Newton space of the two organizations. In mid-July, it was decided to prefer jointly to build a successor - the International X - ray Observatory, IXO shortly. It replaces the European plans for the space telescope XEUS (X - ray Evolving Universe Spectroscopy), which together with the Japanese space agency JAXA should be realized.

Since early 2009, looking at La Palma two telescopes gamma rays and the origin of the universe " Major Atmospheric Gamma-ray Imaging Cherenkov " MAGIC

pictures gallery " The Magic Telescope: Detector Technology " focuses on the detection of MAGIC technology and technical solutions for our telescopes.

19.  Telescopes Planck & Herschel 

 Since May 2009 there are two new telescopes in space that are better than Hubble, the Herschel and Planck. You are 1,000,000 kilometers behind the moon station. The project was completed in 1996 founded and created in collaboration of 40 European and 10 American institutions with the ESA. After almost 25 years and cost 1.8 billion euros, it was finally so far. Space telescopes "Hersche l" and "Planck" among the largest research projects in the history of Europe Video 4:43   Video 1:18  

 Herschel & Planck

 The goal of Planck is a mapping of the cosmic background radiation at frequencies from 25 to 1000 GHz. The angular resolution of Planck is about 5 minutes of arc much better than in the comparable previous projects COBE and WMAP. At the same time observations of radiation from the foreground Milky Way and galaxies won. The telescope has a primary mirror of 1.75 m × 1.5 m size and is designed for maximum light scattered constructed. With the two instruments, LFI (Low Frequency) and HFI (high frequency), a wide frequency range covered.

The 1921 kg Planck telescope has a primary mirror of 1.75 m × 1.5 m size. It was published together with the Herschel infrared telescope by an Ariane 5 ECA placed in space. "Planck" is located on a highly orbit from 270 to 1,197,080 km altitude, the 5.99 ° to the equator is tilted.

Planck will be up to the depletion of the coolant about 21 months work. To simplify the suppression of interfering emissions from the sun, earth and moon, the satellite flies in a Lissajous - orbit around the Lagrange - L2 point of the earth - sun - system. He should then temperature fluctuations of the background radiation in the range of one millionth of degrees measured. According to simulations by Gary Shiu and Bret Underwood from the University of Wisconsin - Madison, the measurements of the Planck satellite capable, the string theory to examine

20. radio telescopes

Just a few years ago appointed the size of the universe with 4,000,000,000 billion light years. Why? Weil methods measuring the then no other values allowed. Those who assumed greater dimensions, were derided and mocked. The light was the problem. In the experiments, it is visible, was found to seemingly insurmountable borders. Only with the development of ever larger, photosensitive glass lenses - telescopes, radio - facsimile and the rapid development of computers - Industry, recognized previously unimaginable magnitude.

LOFAR  the biggest, whole netherland                         La Silla Atacama Chile           ARECIBO second - Poerto Rico

The biggest Radioteleskop : Atacama Large Millimeter Array   ALMA  plant 2025

 For another project for the future of the ESO is already preparing the concrete. In the Chilean Atacama desert in 5000 meters altitude, the air is particularly clear and dry. Here ALMA will be built, a telescope, a journey into the early history of the universe allows. ALMA is enormous. Sixty-four movable antennas, each with twelve meters in diameter to catch waves in the millimeter and submillimeter - on the field. These microwaves penetrate gas and dust clouds, which are often murky and the visibility reveal black holes or the creation of stars.

The 600 million - euro observatory is an international project. Aside from the nine member states of the ESO to the U.S. and Japan. It is an international project to build a radio telescope in the Andes of Chile. Each dish antenna with a diameter of 12 m, and mobile. Upon completion, the network varies between 150 m and 14 km wide. Thus, measurements in the range from 30 up to 950 GHz. The ALMA correlator, the information of the antennas erhällt is unbelievable 1.6 x1016 calculations per second. ALMA's location in the Atacama Desert is one of the highest and driest places on earth. This makes the perfect location for astronomical research in the millimeter wavelength range, because of atmospheric moisture absorption. After completing 2011 ALMA is the largest and most powerful telescope in the world.

Currently the estimated size of the universe at 14,000,000,000 billion light years. Just to remember: 1 light year = 9.5 trillion kilometers - 14 years are 133 Trilliarden kilometers - a number with 21 zeros - looks like this: 133,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Trilliarden kilometers. Already we read relevant literature in conservative estimates of up to 20 billion light years, and none more laughs.

 from  macro to the micro cosmos

21.  The microcosms microscopes

This is structurally identical to the one universe and only up to a size of some millions of magnification currently visible. Here, too, has been the light, the better exposure of the observed object to the problem. 1595 built the Dutchman Hans Janssen microscope with the first 3 to 9 times magnification

1595  Hans Janssen                                         1625 first defined imagery                          bacteria viruses descries

1695 was already a 6o fold magnification possible 400 years ago allowed polished glass lenses, the first look at a hitherto unknown world. By refraction were limited. The biggest enlargement in a light - is microscope at 2,000 times It was not until the early 20th Century of the electron beam, many thousandfold allowed magnifications, we penetrated into other worlds. 1931 was by the Germans Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska the electron microscope developed for the 50 years later! 1986 Ernst Ruska the Nobel Prize.

1938 get the first pictures of viruses

 Electron microscop

22.  Scanning Tunneling microscope

1981 built the two physicists Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer the first scanning tunneling microscope, based on the quantum phenomenon of the tunnel stream. They received the 1986 Nobel Prize for Physics for this. These researchers but always worked.

 Dr. G. Binnig  Dr. H. Rohrer

Scanning tunneling microscope                                nanofiber particle tracks

23. Nuclear power microscope

The Nuclear power microscope in 1985 by Gerd Binning and Christoph Gerber. It works with the scanning of the surface through a tiny probe. The differences between the surface and the probe forces are perceived. The big advantage over the scanning tunneling microscope, in which the tunnel flow between probe and the sample is measured is that not conducting surfaces and soft samples can be examined. It is also possible to measure tiny forces. So MILLION enlargements of several orders of magnitude. It comes into force in previously unimaginable worlds.

Atomic force microscope AFM                                               top 5 nm graphite - 60,000,000 sample fold increase

Until the 40s - years of the last century knew from one cell is not much more than their rough outlines.Today we can into the interior of a cell look into the world of molecules. The succeed with the atomic force microscope - AFM It recognizes human chromosomes in their three-dimensional clarity. Every animal and every plant has an individual DNA code. This molecule is remarkable for the boundless diversity of life. But the DNA molecule is still not the smallest component of life and not even the limit of our perception.

In these miniature worlds discovered not only invisible life, it also recognizes how the world is built. It is also a single cell is a complex world. At the same time the human body is far more than the sum of its 100 he trillion cells.

One of the most powerful microscopes is the high - high resolution microscope JEM-ARM 1250 with an acceleration voltage of 1250 kilo electron volts and a point resolution of 0.12 nanometres (millionths of a millimetre). That one atomic dimensions in order to penetrate, already indicates the abbreviation ARM: It stands for Atomic resolution microscope. With its high-voltage generators reached the gigantic plant a height of eight feet (three meters which measure only the microscope pillar), and its weight is 35 tonnes. The whole vibration microscope rests on a 235-ton swing fundament

Computer simulation atoms in Strontiumtitanat ATOMIC RESOLUTION MICROSCOPE JEM - ARM 1250

24. Superstring screen

Final Information about SUSY The 15th international Conference on Supersymmetry and the Unification of fundamental Interactions SUSY 2007 - July 26 - August 1, 2007 Karlsruhe, Germany 1006 sites PDF !!!

Everything is still much smaller and more complicated. New concept of the construction of the universe: SUPERSTRINGS A century iron stayed the conviction that the atom is the smallest element of matter. But in the 20s - years of the last century discovered that even the atom of even smaller particles. To a tiny atomic-moving electrons. For, that the basic building block of any matter, resulting in nuclear materielos surprising. The world within an atom is currently the limit of our perception. Even ultra-measuring instruments can not fall below this threshold. But even without measuring instruments meets the scientific imagination into the next smaller world.

Matter is therefore almost entirely empty space. What we experience as solid matter, only the power play between different elementary particles. Even the atomic nucleus can be split and if that happens in certain elements, a huge energy released. One example of the relative size of the atom: a 100,000 people fassendes modern stadium is the shell of the atom, the nucleus would be as big as the tip of a needle. Those detained energy, however, is so great that when release = explosion - this stadium pulverize. Only mathematics can become aware of the allerkleinsten blocks of the universe, from the so-called super strings. These are unimaginably tiny energy flows, with the swinging guitar strings compare. By varying the super strings vibrate, they are different particles such as electrons or protons

Now the amazing new theory: The size ratio between the nucleus and Super String represents roughly the ratio of our solar system to a single atom. Something so incomprehensible Small human imagination will probably forever escape. True, we can only take - figuratively speaking - the music of the super strings. Exotic terms such as super strings and extra - dimensions attempt to stem the particle physicists, Vertrauteste all the forces of nature to understand the gravity. It is thanks to Albert Einstein in the cosmic scale perfectly describe tolerate but not with the usual theories of microcosm. A solution the super string theory

They unified description of all the particles and of all natural forces, including gravity. She says a particle requires exactly the characteristics of the Grafitons owns, the exchange-yet-undiscovered particles of gravity. For the super string theory lay in the traditional world of particle physics as elementary dotted adopted its place as the basic building blocks of matter. There is only one basic element - the super-string. How tones by a swinging string, there are the various particles - electrons, quarks, photons, gluons and Co. - vibration through various states of a super elementary strings.

Superstrings can not in our four dimensions - three spatial directions and the time - exist. You need ten or even eleven dimensions. But how can these extra - all dimensions measuring devices available today remain hidden? The only explanation: You must tiny rolled together. The Superstring theory says, that the world is supersymmetric - another reason for the special tension, with the physicists in the discovery of SUSY - Particle wait The search for these super - symetrischen SUSY particles is one of the tasks and experiments on TEVATRON / USA - on LCH - at the CERN and the planned E + E LINEAR COLLIDER.

SUSY particles known spectrum Green = Red = Fields new particle

The computer simulation top right shows how the collapse of a Higgs particle in four muons (yellow lines) on ATLAS - experiment might look like. ATLAS is one of the experiments at the LHC - accelerator, which is currently at the European Particle Physics CERN near Geneva will be built. LHC stands for Large Hadron Collider. Here, from 2007 to high energy protons accelerated and then to the collision. The physicists hope the Higgs - particles to find their existence can be shown why particles have mass.

^{25. Dr. Higgs}

 Higgs shares  

SUPERSYMMETRY - SUSY - the road to universal theory? Symmetries play in modern physics - such as in art - a central role, because in them the basic principles of nature manifest. The largest possible symmetry of the laws of nature is supersymmetry - or shortly SUSY - called. It is a symmetry between matter particles (fermions) and force particles (bosons) and provides an opportunity to our present knowledge about the basic structure of matter (called the standard model) into a larger, more comprehensive theory perspective. In a supersymmetric theory, fermions and bosons are always in pairs. If nature really is supersymmetric, it must therefore be any currently known elementary particles supersymmetric partner particle type. SUSY particles can be spectacular signatures by which cascade decays.

Superstrings - Higgs boson - Susy - Everything particles is much smaller and more complicated. Only mathematics can build a picture of the very smallest components of the universe made by the so-called Super Strings. These are unimaginably tiny energy flows associated with vibrating guitar strings could compare. By the super strings vibrate differently, they form different particles such as electrons or protons

The size ratio between nucleus and superstring corresponds roughly to the ratio of our solar system to a single atom. Something so small is beyond human imagination probably for ever escape. Exotic concepts such as super-strings and extra - dimensions of the rise of experimental particle physicists, the familiarity of all the forces of nature to understand the gravity. It can be a result of Albert Einstein in the cosmic scale perfectly describe tolerate but not with the usual theories of the microcosm. Remedy Super String - Theory

It unifies the description of all particles and all forces of nature, including gravity. She says a particle requires the exact properties of the Grafitons holds, the exchange-yet-undiscovered particle of gravity. For the superstring theory admit the traditional world of particle physics as a spot Elementarteilchen adopted its place as the basic building blocks of matter. There is only one basic element - the super-string. Sounds like a vibrating string, there are the various particles - electrons, quarks, photons, gluons and Co. - by different vibrational states of a super-elementary strings.

Super Strings can not be used in our four dimensions - three spatial directions and time - exist. You need ten or even eleven dimensions. But how can these extra - dimensions of all measuring devices available today remain hidden? The only explanation: You must be bundled tiny.

The right-left image shows the schematic representation of production and decay of SUSY particles at the LHC. Law, the simulation of the corresponding signature for the CMS detector. The search for these new supersymmetric particles is one of the major tasks of the experiments at the Tevatron in the U.S. at the LHC at CERN and at the e + e - Linear Collider - ELC

An electron - Positron - accelerator as the International Linear Collider ILC could be super - particles produce balanced and accurate analysis and thus the way forward to this all-embracing theory, all the fundamental forces and particles together. It is a huge linear accelerators, in which electrons and their anti-particle, the positron, with energies of 500 to about 1000 billion electron volts collide.

26. Dark mater

The standard model says that there is matter particles, like electrons and quarks that make up atomic nuclei, atoms, molecules, and so-called force particles, which ensure that the matter is not by itself Eigenernergie destroyed. In their behavior, these two very different types of particles. The supersymmetry, there are all matter particles supersymmetric partners, which include force particles behave, and vice versa. Elementary particles behave as they turned to themselves Elementarteilchen In the name of this self - spin rotation. The spin is subject to its own rules - those of quantum theory. Then come many sizes only in certain values, in quantum before

 standard model

Spin electrons are only two spin settings. Either upwards or downwards. The particles have different Spinwerte, which is a measure of the rotational speed. Matter particles such as electrons and quarks have Spinwert 1 / 2 and two possible values for the Spinachse. The particle interaction, the exchange on their work forces, have the Spinwert 1and three possible values

Supersymmetry is a symmetry that closely with the spin of the particles are linked. If our universe is supersymmetric, then there is on each of the known particles a supersymmetric partner. So there would be, for example, to the spin 1 / 2 supersymmetric particles and spin 0 particles with spin 1 supersymmetric particles reversed Spin1 / 2 partners. This would make the world of matter particles with the force of the associated particles. The number of different particles would thus be doubled. Supersymmetric partners of the matter particles get an "s" prefix - as in Selektron or Squark. The supersymmetric versions of the interaction of particles receive a "ino" to the end: Photino, Gluino etc. Also the Higgs particle is the Higgsino in a supersymmetric variant. The strength of a force that originates from a particle, it changes with the distance that you have on the particles: It is the forces are becoming increasingly similar, as this distance is tiny. Physicists have even calculated that the strengths at intervals of not yet investigated tininess (10-31m) almost meet. This applies as compelling evidence that there is a single elementary power. With supersymmetry make it much more accurately.

 susy spin   contant

By the theory of supersymmetry, the different forces in the universe bessererklären wide. Then there is an elementary power briefly after the Big Bang when the universe just a trillionth trillionth trillionth of thousandths of seconds old and with ten thousand trillion trillion degrees was still incredibly hot. With time, the universe cooled and consist of an elementary power the various manifestations of the forces known to us today have arisen. A doubling of the particles would explain much.

Supersymmetry is speculation. But so does current research: Man tries to give answers, their accuracy is still not totally convinced. Just like at the beginning of quantum theory, which bases on the entire computer industry is based

 Dr. Beck  Dr. Zwicky

Basic Input from Quantum Field Theory     higgs boson    SuperSymmetry II

Dark mater You must dark matter everywhere, but we can not see it. No one could yet prove their existence directly, but without them, so are the physicists agree, would have to fall apart entire galaxies: dark matter. "The U.S. active in the Swiss astrophysicist Fritz Zwicky postulated already in 1933, that in addition to the matter known to us something in the room must be available," such as the Berne particle physicist Hans Peter Beck says, "until today remains a direct proof of this new form for us of matter, however,

Dark matter is not directly observable, since it seems to be little visible light or radiation, or at least reflects provenance. This makes them invisible, incomprehensible, but according to the laws of gravity is essential for the stability of galaxies in the universe. Hans Peter Beck explains why: The stars in a galaxy revolve around their galactic center, which is "most likely" a black hole - just as the earth revolves around the sun. Thus the heavenly bodies - and galaxies - are in equilibrium, so neither the center nor gone to this move, they need a certain rotation speed.

"Observations of the rotational velocities of stars in galaxies have finally revealed the stars simply too fast for its center and then rotate the galaxy actually may not be stable - it is little known matter exists," said Beck. "There must be something Additional enter. "The standard model of cosmology assumes that the" ordinary "matter, suns and planets in other words, only four percent of the dark matter and 23 percent total. The stately remainder - 73 percent - are dark energy," yet the major question mark for science represents, "said Beck.

In search of the properties of dark matter, the researchers have in recent years in order hypothesis hypothesis - and are amazing to rise. Beck: "The dark matter is not made of protons and neutrons, which together with electrons, the atoms of the ordinary" matter. We know that <dark> neutral particles must be extremely weak and not more than familiar with the matter we interact. " If they are loaded or would interact with other particles, according to Beck had long traces found. "They manifest themselves only through its gravitational interactions, the researcher summarizes the recent findings of astrophysicists and particle physicists together. "The unknown particle must be in large numbers as constant companions to galaxies, stars, planets and moons occur.

This graph illustrates the percentages of total available energy in the universe and matter. The matter we are familiar contributes only about 5% at. CMB (Cosmic Microwave Background) stands for cosmic microwave radiation. With "baryons" says one of the normal matter.

 You must dark matter everywhere, but we can not see it. No one could yet prove their existence directly, but without them, so are the physicists agree, would have to fall apart entire galaxies: dark matter. "The U.S. active in the Swiss astrophysicist Fritz Zwicky postulated already in 1933, that in addition to the matter known to us something in the room must be available," such as the Berne particle physicist Hans Peter Beck says, "until today remains a direct proof of this new form for us of matter, however,

Intuitive Models

What, for example, there is the mysterious dark matter that dominates the universe? Why outweighs the amount of matter in the universe to those of anti-matter? Are there more fundamental building blocks of matter known as the? What ever is mass?

The last of these questions is currently being happy with the existence of a so-called "Higgs field" and its "Higgs particle" in context. The "Higgs" is thought of as an exchange particle to the Higgs force between elementary particles transfers. According to this notion would be the entire space of a field meets, the elementary particles their masses are.

The standard model of particle physics for over 30 years as a theory to study the matter. It assigns the species diversity of the particles in a clear schedule and describes the structure and behavior of almost all known forms of matter with great precision. Our visible matter, for example, can be so only three particles derived: the electron and the up-and down-quark. The visible world is made up of atoms, and these consist of electrons, protons and neutrons, which in turn, from the quarks «Up» and «Down» composed.

Electron, up-and down-quark is called elementary particles, since they according to the present knowledge, not even smaller structures. The standard model shows a total of twelve such basic building blocks of matter on. In addition, so-called exchange particles, which in the modern physics describes the forces that can act between particles. Within protons and neutrons around gluons mediate the cohesion of the three quarks. The mutual attraction of protons and electrons within an atom is not based on an eerie phenomenon transmitted force, but on the exchange of photons, particles of electromagnetic radiation. It has needed for decades, until the standard model was created. An interplay between theory and experiment rendered great services for which some physicists won the Nobel Prize has been rewarded.

27. CERN - LCH - ILC

The International Linear Collider ILC - an electron - positron - Accelerator - could be super - symmetrical particles produce and analyze. This would make it all-encompassing explanations of this theory to deliver what the fundamental forces and particles together. It is a linear accelerator in which electrons and their antiparticles, the positrons, with energies of 500 to about 1000 billion electronvolts collide. The International Linear Collider ILC is unique opportunities, key scientific questions of the 21st Century to the nature of matter, energy, space and time as well as to dark matter, dark energy and the existence of extra - dimensions to be examined.

 LHC

The International Linear Collider ILC is unique opportunities, central scientific issues of the 21st Century to the nature of matter, energy, space and time as well as dark matter, dark energy and the existence of extra - dimensions.

 ILC - Dedector

Only geniuses come to new ideas that are contrary to the previous question. With all these technological marvels has not managed to discover the secrets to the building of the universe to solve. Unimaginable magnitude in the macro - and micro-range order to prevent a nuclear das visible, one needs a resolution of at least 100 nm 1 nm = 1 billionth of a meter. Modern scanning electron microscopes create a resolution of 0.2 nm Smaller is only indirectly visible. Theories have her. The only valid until the next comes. Theories of physics are always the first theory, until it is through the practice can be demonstrated.

Cern Dedector Opal                                 Cern collider

 LCH String 2

In LEP - accelerator, up to the year 2000 was in operation, the electrons and positrons, ie elementary particles, accelerated in opposite directions and at certain points for collision brought. At these points, several detectors have been installed around the collision products to the human eye are invisible, visible. One of these was the OPAL detectors - experiment. Two of the four detectors of the electron - positron - collider LEP at CERN have provided evidence that long sought-particles, the matter may be its mass

 LEP

In all these wonders of technical works is not yet succeeded, the secrets to the structure of the universe to solve. Unimaginable magnitude in the macro - and prevent that area of micro - Can you see atoms or visible? NO! To an atom to make, you need a resolution of at least 100 nm 1 nm = 1 billionth of a meter. Today's scanning electron microscopes create only a resolution of 0.2 nm therefore help only theories. The apply but only until the next. Theorems of physics are always an unproved theory, until it through the practice can be proved. Only geniuses come to new ideas that are contrary to the known and each must be genius since it was made for thousands of years as it has described Schopenhauer.

                                   From the universe to its smallest components

28. Dr. Rolf L. Moessbauer - Nobelprize physics 1961

 Prof. Dr. Rolf L. Moessbauer - 11 x Doctor honour

Physics: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow    by Rudof Moessbauer Physics attempts to reduce the course of natural events to comprehensive principles - the laws of nature. These principles are universally valid, nothing can escape them. Whereas everything that is material in the world is continually subjected to change, the laws of nature are timeless. At any time and in any place we can trust in them and build on them. Physics has its roots in the ancient world. However, it was not until the 17th century that the methodology of modern physics was founded by Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton detaching individual occurrences from their contexts, examining them quantitatively with the help of experiments, and ultimately mathematically formulating fundamental physical principles. At the end of the 19th century physicists began to shed light upon the electronic structure of matter. In 1897 Joseph Thomson discovered the electron, at present the first indivisible particle. At the beginning of the 20th century Albert Einstein revolutionized our notion of space and time with his theory of relativity. Together with Max Planck he discovered photons as elementary particles of light.

With the development of their quantum theory Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, Paul Dirac and Wolfgang Pauli solved the problem of wave-particle dualism. These discoveries mark the beginning of modern physics in the 20th century. Since then physicists have been discovering new and exciting phenomena and laws of nature. The objects of research in the field of physics are often far removed from anything that we are actually able to experience. However, sooner or later the discoveries made have a determining influence on our lives. This is what makes physics the most fundamental of all the natural sciences. It is a formative part of our culture. Physics spans a wide range of themes: from the dimensions of the cosmos to the elementary particles of the core of an atom.

Many of the discoveries made nowadays are shaped by methods used in physics. Examples of this are the decoding of deoxyribonucleic acid, (DNA), and the determination of the sequence of the human genome. Physical research is an integral part of natural and engineering science. It forms the basis of modern technology. One example of this is the semiconductor transistor. Discovered 50 years ago, it has fundamentally altered electronic engineering. This advancement, and the development of other semiconductor component parts and their miniaturization in large-scale integrated electronic circuits, has made it possible to develop modern computer and communication technologies. At the beginning of the 21st century physicists are still researching into fundamental questions of physics, chemistry, technology and, increasingly, biology. The future potential for exciting research in the field of physics is enormous. Nowadays physicists are able to produce macroscopically coherent matter waves. These consist of a large number of atoms which possess wave properties. Research into these coherent matter waves and their interaction with other matter and with light promises to be fascinating. Research into the smallest of structures, with diameters of a couple of nanometers and consisting of only atoms or molecules, is likely to lead to numerous new technical applications in the field of nanotechnology.

The mathematical methodology used in physics will remain indispensable for the analysis of complex, dynamic processes and structural formation processes. In the field of high temperature superconduction one of the objectives of current research work is to reduce the losses that occur in the supply of electric power.Research into controlled nuclear fusion is one of physics' most ambitious projects for the future. The investigation of the cosmos, for example with X-ray telescopes, will improve our knowledge of the origin, the structure and the dynamics of the cosmos, as will the analysis of invisible neutrino currents by means of sophisticated underground detectors. Experiments and theoretical developments will lead to a new understanding of the elementary components of the universe and to a comprehensive description of the fundamental forces of nature. In the future physicists will be examining questions of a physical nature more closely in the field of other natural sciences, for example biophysical primary processes. Physics was, is, and will remain one of the fundamental natural sciences, an integral part of our culture and the foundation of our technology.” Rudolf Mößbauer - Munich 2002

29. The history of homeopathy

 Hippokrates Dr. Hahnemann online    Paracelsus

In the 18th Century, Dr. Hahnemann an entirely new medical principle: "The law Homeopathy" - The same should be cured by similar - similia similibus curentur. Hahnemann quote: "You ahme the nature of what is sometimes a chronic illness by another incoming heals, and in turn to one disease curative medicine, which another artificial disease as similar as possible to create a position, and those will be cured. "

What was completely new to homeopathy?  1. Hahnemann was the first person with extreme dilutions of drugs worked.  2. 50 years before the general academic research began. He was the first to systematically scientifically researched, experimented, documented, and through countless experiments on healthy and sick, the new treatment proved. Why Hahnemann was looking for a new therapy? The causes were discontent and frustration over the failure of medical therapy practiced at that time. They were powerless against the terrible disease in Europe, plague, dysentery, cholera, typhus and syphilis. Millions of people lost their lives. Doctors were powerless. All known therapies failed. Hahnemann quote: "Because everything dies, which will die without having to Galen, Boerhaave or Brown to return, and just what the death was not ripe, comes from it. Because, you sick attendants and doctors, pharmacists and Wundärzte to the grave."

30. Dr. Hahnemann - a genius

He was a scientist, practicing physician and chemist. He became famous in various medical treatments, which he introduced. He studied medicine and chemistry was carried out at the Universities of Leipzig, Vienna and Erlangen and ended it 1777, with 21 years of age. 1779 - he got 24 years - in Erlangen for his MD degree with the thesis about the "causes and treatment of convulsive states." He mastered 9 languages - Greek, Latin, English, French, Italian, Hebrew, Arabic and various dialects. He translated scientific papers and dissertations from these languages. Thus he gained a deep insight into the medical, pharmacological and chemical knowledge of these cultures. That was the basis for new therapies - homeopathy.

The decisive impetus for a "new treatment" came in his 1790 translation of the book " Materia Medika " of the Scottish professor of medicine and chemistry, Dr. William Cullen 1710 to 1790. The special topic: "China bark as a treatment of malaria." Hahnemann began to experiment bark China, by gradually diluted. Surprising was for him that dilutions until the success and brought even more surprisingly that the stronger the dilution, the stronger the effect. It was the beginning of many years, thousands of experiments. Here, he used plants, minerals and organic parts, and diluted with water and alcohol. The idea was to create the effect / agents of the material used to acting as a carrier substances - water and alcohol from it. There was nothing comparable in the history of medicine. All the recipes had to be re-invented "and" found "to be.

Physician and chemist, 1779 - with 24 years - "Hepar sulfuris Hahnemannii" treatment of syphilis. 1782 Mercury solubilis Hahnemannii in acute syphilis. 1784 " Guidance for the treatment of old injuries and ulcers lazy" - fistulas, Knochenfäule, wind Dorn, cancer, tuberculosis. 1788 bile and gallstones - Argentum - nitricum dilution of 1:500 for preservation of meat. 1:1000 gurgling water in diphtheria. 1789 differs Hahnemann was the first of the syphilis gonorrhea.

The microbiology was still unknown. Hahnemann published the "instruction for Wundärzte on the Venusian diseases, along with a new mercury preparations. Hahnemann get permanent cures for syphilis by an artificially produced "Merkurialfieber". The 1789 publication " as a remedy Thuja 'in acute gonorrhea - study of the astringent Prinzipium in plants." 1790 "China barks Selbstversuch, 1796, is regarded as the birth year of homeopathy. In addition to various books published Hahnemann 1833, during the cholera epidemic in Europe, four papers on the treatment of epidemics. He sat camphor successful, because believing that the cause of epidemic diseases in mass "invisibly small creatures" are needed. It was Hahnemann Luis Pasteur and Robert Koch 25 years ahead. He succeeded in the mass mortality of cholera to a minimum. 1843 Dr. Hahnemann died at 89 years in

The three books of the over 5,000 - year - old Indian medicine - Ayurveda - already describe the similarity principle

It may be inferred:

1st   Dr. Hahnemann, the similarity - only revived principle.

2nd   He documented and proved this through experiments, which

3rd   the specific effects could be derived systematically.

Homeopathy was not invented, it has always been a law of nature. Below some criteria from the era of Dr. Hahnemann. Not many know that this story from the beginning the treatment of humans and horses narrates.

In the 18th and 19 Century was the importance of the horse quite different than today. The horse was a decisive war.

Therefore it is not mean that immediately after the discovery of the effects of homeopathy, they have their way into the military - veterinary - Treatment of Prussian - Austria - Hungarian army held. There is almost criminal histories, full of intrigue and slander, for example as the incumbent military - wanted to prevent doctors and could even partially successful, as in the case of veterinarian Dr. T. Traeger.

Early homeopathy 18 Century

 Dr. Hartmann Dr. Franz von Boenninghausen

Hi was one of the first leaders in the early hours of modern Homoeopathie and started from 1830 with this therapy in his practice. The reason: he was on his tuberculosis by Dr. August Weihe 1779 - 1864, the first in Westphalia active Homoeopathie - doctor healed. He published his famous 1846 book, which until the turn of the century as a standard factory was:   A full summary of this era can be found in the thesis of Dr. Jutta Backert-Isert - in german -

31. Manufacture of homeopathic medicines  Videos

There are 3,000 homeopathic medicines. 300 shall mainly use. Precursors for homeopathic medicines are plants, animals, minerals, metals and so-called Nosoden, which are substances made of organic components of human - animals - insects. The starting material for the manufacture of a homeopathic medicinal products according to strict rules with water or diluted alcohol. Homeopathy speaks of exponentiation, and assumes that this effect is strengthened. Carries a homeopathic medicinal products, for example, the C200 designation, it was the parent (mother tincture) 200 times at a ratio of 1: 99 diluted. The mother tincture is one drop in 99 drops of solvent. Each dilution is then shaken 100 times before they will be further diluted. Solid precursors with milk / sugar verrieben. The dilution of D means that the ratio 1: 9 diluted been. LM stands for a dilution ratio of 1:50000. D16 means that 16 times in the ratio 1: 9 diluted. From the dilutions of D24 and C12 molecule is no longer the main substance in the actual product available, but homeopaths apply the highest dilutions (high potency) than the deepest and most effective medicines to! What happens when the dilution? Does information on water? 

32. Korsakoff Manufacture  Video

 Korsakoff in Russia was at the time of Hahnemann medical care in the countryside are often taken over by large landowners, farmers and their serfs even treated. One of these was Count Nicolajewitsch Simeon v. K orsakoff (1788-1853), who lived near Moscow and for homeopathy interested. Korsakoff potentiation experimented with various methods to materialaufwendige Centesimal potentiation Hahnemann easier. 1831 he developed the method of Einglas potency

33. Science and Homeopathy - evidence - Dissertations

What is it with scientific evidence of modern times, on the effectiveness of homeopathy? Collection of dissertations and research on homeopathy.

http://www.boiron.com/download/04_recherche_homeo/P11_15_en.pdf

http://nationalcenterforhomeopathy.org/about/

http://phoenixhomeopathy.com/

http://www.byrd.de/muskl/homoeopathie.html

 wwww.boironusa.com/training/resource-library.htmlww.diss.fu-berlin.de/diss/servlets/MCRSearchServlet?mode=results&id=6gxa5gqhp1gvfta39roi&numPerPage=10&lang=en

http://www.boiron.com/de/htm/04_recherche_homeo/recherche_clinique_02.htm

informative pages:

34. Books on homeopathy: collection of book recommendations

   Kent  Cooper Clarke Wheeler

http://www.homeoint.org/books/kentrep/index.htm

http://www.homeoint.org/digital/index.htm

http://www.homeoint.org/books/hahchrdi/index.htm

http://www.homeoint.org/books1/robertsasif/index.htm

http://www.homeoint.org/books3/clarke13/index.htm

http://www.homeoint.org/books2/kentnewr/index.htm

http://www.homeoint.org/books5/paterson/index.htm

http://www.homeoint.org/books2/hutch700/index.htm

http://www.homeoint.org/books2/allenclin/index.htm

http://www.homeoint.org/books2/nashtherap/index.htm

http://www.homeoint.org/illustr/index.htm

galaxy heic 0615